Visitor模式详解--设计模式(19)
C++2016-07-07
Visitor模式来源:
在面向对象系统的开发和设计过程,经常会遇到一种情况就是需求变更(RequirementChanging),经常我们做好的一个设计、实现了一个系统原型,咱们的客户又会有了新的需求。我们又因此不得不去修改已有的设计,最常见就是解决方案就是给已经设计、实现好的类添加新的方法去实现客户新的需求,这样就陷入了设计变更的梦魇:不停地打补丁,其带来的后果就是设计根本就不可能封闭、编译永远都是整个系统代码。Visitor模式则提供了一种解决方案。
Visitor模式作用:
将更新(变更)封装到一个类中(访问操作),并由待更改类提供一个接收接口,则可达到效果。
Visitor模式UML结构图如图1所示:
Visitor模式构成:
抽象访问者(Visitor):抽象出访问元素的动作
具体访问者(ConcreteVisitor):实现访问元素的动作
抽象元素(Element):定义一个接受访问的操作,其参数为访问者
具体元素(ConcreteElement):实现接受访问操作
对象结构类(ObjectStructure):可以枚举元素,并且管理元素
客户端(Client) :定义元素集合,然后接受不同访问者的访问
Visitor模式源码示例:
Visitor.h
#pragma once
class CCommonEmployee;
class CManager;
class IVisitor
{
public:
IVisitor(void)
{
}
virtual ~IVisitor(void)
{
}
virtual void Visit(CCommonEmployee commonEmployee) = 0;
virtual void Visit(CManager manager) = 0;
virtual int GetTotalSalary() = 0;
};
//BaseVisitor.h
#pragma once
#include "ivisitor.h"
#include "CommonEmployee.h"
#include "Manager.h"
#include <iostream>
using std::string;
class CBaseVisitor :
public IVisitor
{
public:
CBaseVisitor(void);
~CBaseVisitor(void);
void Visit(CCommonEmployee commonEmployee);
void Visit(CManager manager);
int GetTotalSalary();
private:
string GetBasicInfo(CEmployee *pemployee);
string GetManagerInfo(CManager manager);
string GetCommonEmployee(CCommonEmployee employee);
static const int MANAGER_COEFFICENT = 5;
static const int COMMONEMPLOYEE_COEFFICENT = 2;
int m_commonTotal;
int m_managerTotal;
void CalCommonSalary(int salary);
void CalManagerSalary(int salary);
};
//BaseVisitor.cpp
#include "StdAfx.h"
#include "..\CommonDeclare\Convert.h"
#include "BaseVisitor.h"
#include <iostream>
using std::string;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
CBaseVisitor::CBaseVisitor(void)
{
m_commonTotal = 0;
m_managerTotal = 0;
}
CBaseVisitor::~CBaseVisitor(void)
{
}
void CBaseVisitor::Visit(CCommonEmployee commonEmployee)
{
cout << this->GetCommonEmployee(commonEmployee).c_str() << endl;
this->CalCommonSalary(commonEmployee.GetSalary());
}
void CBaseVisitor::Visit(CManager manager)
{
cout << this->GetManagerInfo(manager).c_str() << endl;
this->CalManagerSalary(manager.GetSalary());
}
string CBaseVisitor::GetBasicInfo(CEmployee *pemployee)
{
string info = "";
info.append("姓名:");
info.append(pemployee->GetName());
info.append("\t");
info.append("性别:");
info.append(CConvert::ToString(pemployee->GetSex()));
info.append("\t");
info.append("薪水:");
info.append(CConvert::ToString(pemployee->GetSalary()));
info.append("\t");
return info;
}
string CBaseVisitor::GetManagerInfo(CManager manager)
{
string basicInfo = this->GetBasicInfo(&manager);
string otherInfo = "";
otherInfo.append("业绩:");
otherInfo.append(manager.GetPerformance());
otherInfo.append("\t");
basicInfo.append(otherInfo);
return basicInfo;
}
string CBaseVisitor::GetCommonEmployee(CCommonEmployee employee)
{
string basicInfo = this->GetBasicInfo(&employee);
string otherInfo = "";
otherInfo.append("工作:");
otherInfo.append(employee.GetJob());
otherInfo.append("\t");
basicInfo.append(otherInfo);
return basicInfo;
}
int CBaseVisitor::GetTotalSalary()
{
return this->m_commonTotal + this->m_managerTotal;
}
void CBaseVisitor::CalCommonSalary(int salary)
{
this->m_commonTotal += salary;
}
void CBaseVisitor::CalManagerSalary(int salary)
{
this->m_managerTotal += salary;
}
//Employee.h
#pragma once
#include "Visitor.h"
#include <iostream>
using std::string;
class CEmployee
{
public:
static int MALE;
static int FEMALE;
CEmployee(void);
virtual ~CEmployee(void);
string GetName();
void SetName(string name);
int GetSalary();
void SetSalary(int v);
int GetSex();
void SetSex(int v);
virtual void Accept(IVisitor *pVisitor) = 0;
private:
string m_name;
int m_salary;
int m_sex;
};
//Employee.cpp
#include "StdAfx.h"
#include "Employee.h"
int CEmployee::MALE = 0;
int CEmployee::FEMALE = 1;
CEmployee::CEmployee(void)
{
}
CEmployee::~CEmployee(void)
{
}
string CEmployee::GetName()
{
return m_name;
}
void CEmployee::SetName( string name )
{
m_name = name;
}
int CEmployee::GetSalary()
{
return m_salary;
}
void CEmployee::SetSalary( int v )
{
m_salary = v;
}
int CEmployee::GetSex()
{
return m_sex;
}
void CEmployee::SetSex( int v )
{
m_sex = v;
}
//Manager.h
#pragma once
#include "employee.h"
#include "IVisitor.h"
#include <iostream>
using std::string;
class CManager :
public CEmployee
{
public:
CManager(void);
~CManager(void);
string GetPerformance();
void SetPerformance(string per);
void Accept(IVisitor *pVisitor);
protected:
string GetOtherInfo();
private:
string m_performance;
};
//Manager.cpp
#include "StdAfx.h"
#include "Manager.h"
#include <iostream>
using std::string;
CManager::CManager(void)
{
this->m_performance = "";
}
CManager::~CManager(void)
{
}
string CManager::GetPerformance()
{
return m_performance;
}
void CManager::SetPerformance(string per)
{
this->m_performance = per;
}
string CManager::GetOtherInfo()
{
string info = "";
info.append("业绩:");
info.append(this->m_performance);
info.append("\t");
return info;
}
void CManager::Accept(IVisitor *pVisitor)
{
pVisitor->Visit(*this);
}
// Visitor.cpp : 定义控制台应用程序的入口点。
//
#include "stdafx.h"
#include "Employee.h"
#include "CommonEmployee.h"
#include "Manager.h"
#include "BaseVisitor.h"
#include "..\CommonDeclare\Convert.h"
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
using std::vector;
using std::cout;
using std::endl;
void MockEmployee(vector<CEmployee*> *pvce)
{
CCommonEmployee *pZhangSan = new CCommonEmployee();
pZhangSan->SetJob("编写Java程序,绝对的蓝领、苦工加搬运工");
pZhangSan->SetName("张三");
pZhangSan->SetSalary(1800);
pZhangSan->SetSex(CEmployee::MALE);
pvce->push_back(pZhangSan);
CCommonEmployee *pLiSi = new CCommonEmployee();
pLiSi->SetJob("页面美工,审美素质太不流行了!");
pLiSi->SetName("李四");
pLiSi->SetSalary(1900);
pLiSi->SetSex(CEmployee::FEMALE);
pvce->push_back(pLiSi);
CManager *pWangWu = new CManager();
pWangWu->SetPerformance("基本上是负值,但是我会拍马屁呀");
pWangWu->SetName("王五");
pWangWu->SetSalary(1900);
pWangWu->SetSex(CEmployee::FEMALE);
pvce->push_back(pWangWu);
}
void DoIt()
{
vector<CEmployee*> vce;
MockEmployee(&vce);
vector<CEmployee*>::const_iterator readIt = vce.begin();
CBaseVisitor visitor;
for (; readIt != vce.end(); readIt ++)
{
(*readIt)->Accept(&visitor);
}
cout << "本公司的月工资总额是:" << CConvert::ToString(visitor.GetTotalSalary()).c_str() << endl;
vector<CEmployee*>::reverse_iterator delIt = vce.rbegin();
for (; delIt != vce.rend(); delIt++)
{
delete (*delIt);
(*delIt) = NULL;
}
vce.clear();
}
Main.cpp
main(int argc, _TCHAR* argv[])
{
DoIt();
return 0;
}Visitor模式优缺点总结:
Visitor模式优点:
(1).实现简单
Visitor模式缺点:
(1).破坏了封装性。Visitor模式要求Visitor可以从外部修改Element对象的状态,这一般通过两个方式来实现:a)Element提供足够的public接口,使得Visitor可以通过调用这些接口达到修改Element状态的目的;b)Element暴露更多的细节给Visitor,或者让Element提供public的实现给Visitor(当然也给了系统中其他的对象),或者将Visitor声明为Element的friend类,仅将细节暴露给Visitor。但是无论那种情况,特别是后者都将是破坏了封装性原则(实际上就是C++的friend机制得到了很多的面向对象专家的诟病)。
(2).ConcreteElement的扩展很困难:每增加一个Element的子类,就要修改Visitor的接口,使得可以提供给这个新增加的子类的访问机制。从上面我们可以看到,或者增加一个用于处理新增类的Visit()接口,或者重载一个处理新增类的Visit()操作,或者要修改RTTI方式实现的Visit()实现。无论那种方式都给扩展新的Element子类带来了困难。